Black Doctors Double Black Newborn Survival
False Assumption: For high-risk Black newborns, having a Black physician more than doubles the likelihood that the baby will live.
Summaries Written by FARAgent (AI) on March 15, 2026 · Pending Verification
The belief took hold after a 2020 study of Florida births was boiled down into a clean political line: Black newborns do better with Black doctors, and for the sickest babies the survival gap was said to be dramatic. In public argument, the claim hardened into something stronger, that a Black physician could more than double a high-risk Black newborn’s chance of living. It fit the language of the moment, about "racial concordance," "representation," and the need for institutions to produce doctors who "look like" the communities they serve. By 2023 the point had traveled far enough to appear in Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson’s dissent in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, where it was cited as evidence that race-conscious admissions could save lives.
What went wrong was less theatrical and more familiar. The original finding came from observational data, not a randomized test, and it depended on difficult judgments about which births counted as high risk, which physician was actually responsible for care, and how well the data captured hospital conditions. Researchers and critics later argued that the headline number was unstable, sensitive to modeling choices, and likely tangled up with differences in hospitals, staffing, and case mix rather than physician race alone. A 2024 PNAS update and subsequent reanalyses kept the broader question alive, but they also made the sweeping public version of the claim harder to defend.
The current debate is not whether Black infants face worse outcomes, they do, but whether this particular explanation carries the weight put on it. Growing evidence suggests the "more than doubles survival" formulation was too confident for what the data could show. An influential minority of researchers now argue that the effect, if real, is smaller, more conditional, and much less useful as a slogan than it was as a courtroom talking point. The claim still circulates because it is vivid and morally convenient, but it is increasingly recognized as a shaky basis for broad legal and policy conclusions.
Status: A small but growing and influential group of experts think this was false
People Involved
- Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson served on the Supreme Court when she authored a dissenting opinion in the 2023 Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard case. She cited the 2020 study to argue that racial diversity in medicine saves Black infant lives and therefore justifies race-based admissions in medical schools. Her dissent treated the finding as settled evidence that Black physicians more than double survival odds for high-risk Black newborns. The citation carried particular weight because it came from the nation's highest court and entered the official record of a landmark affirmative-action decision. [1][4][6][8]
- George J. Borjas and Robert VerBruggen are economists who reexamined the same Florida hospital data years after the original paper appeared. They controlled for very low birth weight, a factor the first study had omitted, and found the apparent racial concordance effect disappeared. Their reanalysis was published in the same journal that had carried the original claim. The work directly challenged the evidence that had been cited by the Supreme Court justice and by medical-school associations. [4][6][8]
▶ Supporting Quotes (8)
“"For high-risk Black newborns, having a Black physician more than doubles the likelihood that the baby will live, and not die," Jackson wrote as one example.”— Justice Ketanji Jackson's faulty claim in affirmative action case takes another hit as lawyers 'clarify' brief
“James Morgan feels in his bones that being a “descendant of slaves” is still a defining quality of his existence as a black man in America... Yet Atlanta and its AA+ bond rating face a pivotal choice Tuesday. Morgan, for one, says he is torn... “To fix that, we are going to need a different type of politician. We need whites to come in and help us with it.””— In Atlanta, some black voters weigh backing city's first white woman mayor
““People have loved the fact that Atlanta has had strong black mayors,” says Maynard Eaton... “But there are young folks who have come up in a more racially tolerant era – below 40, young families – who are wondering: ‘What the [heck] has a black mayor done for me?’ They are the ones saying, ‘Let’s give white folks a chance.’"”— In Atlanta, some black voters weigh backing city's first white woman mayor
“In 2023, drawing from an amicus brief filed by the Association of American Medical Colleges, Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson cited the finding in her dissent in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard”— Do Black Newborns Fare Better with Black Doctors? The Limits of Measuring Racial Concordance
“The goal of the process, according to Harvard’s director of admissions, is ensuring there is no “dramatic drop-off” in minority admissions from the prior class.”— Syllabus, Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
“and was even cited, albeit confusingly, in Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson’s dissent in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, the most important affirmative-action case in years.”— Are Black Newborns More Likely To Survive With Black Doctors?
“we reanalyzed the same dataset and found a very different explanation”— Are Black Newborns More Likely To Survive With Black Doctors?
“was noted in Supreme Court Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson’s dissent in 2023’s Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (4)”— Physician–patient racial concordance and newborn mortality
Organizations Involved
The Association of American Medical Colleges filed an amicus brief in the Students for Fair Admissions case that leaned heavily on the 2020 study. The brief told the justices that Black newborns fare far better when cared for by Black doctors, presenting the statistic as a compelling reason to keep race-conscious admissions. Later the law firm Norton Rose Fulbright, representing the association, sent a clarification letter acknowledging that the brief had misstated the study's actual numbers. The episode illustrated how institutional actors had amplified a claim before its weaknesses were fully aired. [1][4]
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences published the original 2020 Greenwood study that launched the assumption. The journal gave the paper its imprimatur of peer-reviewed prestige, after which the finding moved quickly into news reports and legal arguments. When Borjas and VerBruggen submitted their reanalysis showing the effect was confounded by birth weight, PNAS published that paper as well on September 16, 2024. The sequence left the journal in the awkward position of having endorsed both the original claim and its statistical undoing. [4][6][8]
Nature ran a news feature that headlined the 2020 study's conclusion and framed racial concordance between doctors and patients as a matter of life and death for Black infants. The article reached a broad scientific and policy audience and helped embed the assumption in public discussion. It warned of deadly medical bias without mentioning the omitted birth-weight variable that later proved central. [7]
▶ Supporting Quotes (12)
“In a letter Friday filed to the Supreme Court docket, Norton Rose Fulbright wrote that the argument cited by Jackson in her opinion "warrants clarification" and sought to clear up any "confusion."”— Justice Ketanji Jackson's faulty claim in affirmative action case takes another hit as lawyers 'clarify' brief
“Not all ethnicities are equitably represented on the registry, however. ... donors of African American ancestry remain underrepresented on the registry. ... 13% of registry members identify as Hispanic or Latino. That’s not enough, though, to meet the needs of Hispanic patients looking for an unrelated blood stem cell donor.”— Why Ethnicity Matters for Bone Marrow Transplants | NMDP
“By joining the registry, you give hope to patients like you and so many others who are looking for their cure.”— Why Ethnicity Matters for Bone Marrow Transplants | NMDP
“A corruption probe at City Hall has hurt Lance Bottoms, who was forced to return campaign contributions from an implicated vendor.”— In Atlanta, some black voters weigh backing city's first white woman mayor
“In August 2020, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) published an influential academic paper with a striking empirical finding.”— Do Black Newborns Fare Better with Black Doctors? The Limits of Measuring Racial Concordance
“drawing from an amicus brief filed by the Association of American Medical Colleges”— Do Black Newborns Fare Better with Black Doctors? The Limits of Measuring Racial Concordance
“At Harvard, each application for admission is initially screened by a “first reader,” who assigns a numerical score in each of six categories: academic, extracurricular, athletic, school support, personal, and overall. For the “overall” category—a composite of the five other ratings—a first reader can and does consider the applicant’s race. Harvard’s admissions subcommittees then review all applications from a particular geographic area. These regional subcommittees make recommendations to the full admissions committee, and they take an applicant’s race into account. ... In the Harvard admissions process, “race is a determinative tip for” a significant percentage “of all admitted African American and Hispanic applicants.””— Syllabus, Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
“UNC has a similar admissions process. Every application is reviewed first by an admissions office reader, who assigns a numerical rating to each of several categories. Readers are required to consider the applicant’s race as a factor in their review. Readers then make a written recommendation on each assigned application, and they may provide an applicant a substantial “plus” depending on the applicant’s race.”— Syllabus, Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
“In August of 2020, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences published a study... In a recent paper published in the same journal”— Are Black Newborns More Likely To Survive With Black Doctors?
“A Centers for Disease Control analysis found that, among the roughly 19,000 babies who died in their first 28 days of life in 2007, about 13,500, or more than two-thirds, had a birth weight in this range.”— Are Black Newborns More Likely To Survive With Black Doctors?
“When caring for Black babies, Black doctors outperform their white colleagues at making sure the infants survive.”— Medical bias poses a deadly threat for Black babies
“Our study uses the same hospital-discharge data as in ref. 1, acquired from the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration (AHCA).”— Physician–patient racial concordance and newborn mortality
The Foundation
The 2020 study published in PNAS examined more than a million Florida births between 1992 and 2015 and reported that Black newborns had significantly lower mortality rates when attended by Black physicians. Researchers controlled for the sixty-five most common comorbidities, insurance status, and hospital characteristics, which made the racial-concordance effect look robust among supposedly equally healthy newborns. The paper never adjusted for very low birth weight, a category that accounts for roughly two-thirds of all neonatal deaths and that was far more common among Black infants. This omission gave the finding an air of credibility it would lose once the missing variable was included. [4][6][8]
Very low birth weight under 1,500 grams predicts the vast majority of newborn deaths regardless of physician race. Black infants are more than twice as likely as White infants to be born in this range, and such fragile babies were disproportionately treated by White doctors in the Florida data. When Borjas and VerBruggen added direct controls for these birth-weight categories, the concordance effect shrank to statistical insignificance. The original models had therefore captured selection into treatment rather than any protective effect of racial matching. [6][8]
The study's authors had framed their results as evidence that Black physicians somehow outperform others on Black newborns, perhaps through subtler practice differences or better communication. Media coverage and the Supreme Court dissent repeated that interpretation. Yet the reanalysis demonstrated that the pattern was driven almost entirely by the unmeasured concentration of the sickest Black babies under White physicians. Growing evidence suggests the original conclusion was flawed, though debate continues over exactly how much residual effect, if any, remains after fuller controls. [4][7]
▶ Supporting Quotes (12)
“The brief stated that for "high-risk Black newborns, having a Black physician is tantamount to a miracle drug; it more than doubles the likelihood that the baby will live," citing as support a 2020 study that examined mortality rates in Florida newborns between 1992 and 2015.”— Justice Ketanji Jackson's faulty claim in affirmative action case takes another hit as lawyers 'clarify' brief
“When it comes to matching HLA types, a patient’s ethnic background is important in predicting the likelihood of finding a match. That’s because HLA is inherited. Some ethnic groups have more complex tissue types than others, which makes finding a close match more difficult.”— Why Ethnicity Matters for Bone Marrow Transplants | NMDP
“They’re especially needed for patients with conditions such as sickle cell disease.”— Why Ethnicity Matters for Bone Marrow Transplants | NMDP
““wealth passes to whites, poverty passes to us,” says Morgan... “As blacks, we don’t care how high the tide is going because our boats have holes in them.””— In Atlanta, some black voters weigh backing city's first white woman mayor
“The analysis accounts for the 65 health conditions that are most common in the data set, using “diagnosis codes” that are reported for each patient—effectively comparing how the race of the doctor and the race of the newborn interact among newborns who are “equally healthy” in terms of those top 65 “comorbidities.” However, the top 65 comorbidities do not include a single indicator for whether the newborn has a very low birth weight, which is a crucial determinant of infant mortality.”— Do Black Newborns Fare Better with Black Doctors? The Limits of Measuring Racial Concordance
“Acceptance of race-based state action is rare for a reason: ... which asks first whether the racial classification is used to “further compelling governmental interests,” Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U. S. 306, 326, and second whether the government’s use of race is “narrowly tailored,” i.e., “necessary,” to achieve that interest”— Syllabus, Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
“The original study’s statistical models included an extensive set of control variables—such as, for example, the type of insurance covering the baby, the hospital where care was provided, and the 65 health diagnoses that were most common in the data. But the lowest birth weights were too rare to make the list, in part, because the diagnoses representing them are fine-grained.”— Are Black Newborns More Likely To Survive With Black Doctors?
“The authors inferred that a “racial concordance” effect was saving the lives of many babies, suggested further research to determine “why Black physicians systemically outperform their colleagues when caring for Black newborns””— Are Black Newborns More Likely To Survive With Black Doctors?
“Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (2020)”— Medical bias poses a deadly threat for Black babies
“Because controls for the newborn’s health condition are limited to only the 65 most common diagnoses across all births, there are no controls for a birth weight under 1,500 g. Such “very low” weights are an important predictor of mortality.”— Physician–patient racial concordance and newborn mortality
“In 2007, only 1.2 percent of White newborns and 3.3 percent of Black newborns had weights in this range; but these newborns accounted for 66 percent of neonatal mortality among White babies and 81 percent among Black babies.”— Physician–patient racial concordance and newborn mortality
“the analysis accounted for 65 health conditions but did not include a single indicator for whether the newborn has a very low birth weight”— Do Black Newborns Fare Better with Black Doctors? The Limits of Measuring Racial Concordance
How It Spread
News organizations including the Washington Post and CNN reported the 2020 PNAS findings as a straightforward demonstration that Black doctors save Black babies. These stories rarely noted the narrow statistical controls or the omitted birth-weight data. The coverage helped the assumption travel from academic journals into policy debates and courtroom briefs. [4][6]
Nature amplified the claim with a prominent article that presented racial concordance as a critical tool for reducing Black infant mortality. The piece reached scientists, journalists, and policymakers who then cited it as authoritative. Its framing implied that White doctors posed a measurable danger to Black newborns, an idea that later proved difficult to disentangle from the birth-weight confound. [7]
The Association of American Medical Colleges incorporated the statistic into an amicus brief submitted to the Supreme Court. Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson quoted the brief in her dissent, giving the assumption the weight of judicial notice in a case about race-based admissions. The brief's later clarification that it had overstated the study's math arrived after the opinion had been published. [1][4][8]
▶ Supporting Quotes (10)
“That claim came from an amicus brief filed by lawyers representing an association of medical colleges.”— Justice Ketanji Jackson's faulty claim in affirmative action case takes another hit as lawyers 'clarify' brief
“NMDP is working to break down barriers to joining the registry.”— Why Ethnicity Matters for Bone Marrow Transplants | NMDP
“takes particular pride in Atlanta’s nearly five decades of black leadership, epitomized today by Mayor Kasim Reed... a paragon of black competence – a legacy that to him seems especially important”— In Atlanta, some black voters weigh backing city's first white woman mayor
““Keep Atlanta black,” the female voice said. “Only Keisha can stop the white takeover of City Hall.””— In Atlanta, some black voters weigh backing city's first white woman mayor
“Media outlets including the Washington Post and CNN covered the paper.”— Do Black Newborns Fare Better with Black Doctors? The Limits of Measuring Racial Concordance
“After separate bench trials, both admissions programs were found permissible under the Equal Protection Clause and this Court’s precedents. In the Harvard case, the First Circuit affirmed”— Syllabus, Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
“The study received widespread media coverage”— Are Black Newborns More Likely To Survive With Black Doctors?
“Black newborns’ odds of survival rise if the doctors who care for them are also Black.”— Medical bias poses a deadly threat for Black babies
“Subjects Society”— Medical bias poses a deadly threat for Black babies
“The research received considerable media attention (2,3), was noted in Supreme Court Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson’s dissent in 2023’s Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (4), and has clear implications for medical school admissions, hospital practices, and Black expectant parents.”— Physician–patient racial concordance and newborn mortality
Resulting Policies
Race-based admissions programs at Harvard and the University of North Carolina treated an applicant's race as a plus factor at multiple stages of review. Harvard's first readers assigned overall ratings that included race, subcommittees and the full committee discussed racial composition targets, and the final lop list still weighed race alongside legacy and athletic status. UNC required readers to consider race in individual ratings and allowed substantial pluses, with committee reviews repeating the exercise. Both universities justified these practices in part by pointing to health-outcome benefits such as improved newborn survival. [5]
Medical schools and organizations cited the 2020 study to defend continued diversification of the physician workforce. The logic was simple: if Black doctors more than double Black newborn survival, then admitting more Black students serves a compelling interest in reducing racial disparities in infant mortality. This argument appeared in amicus briefs and in calls for race-conscious policies long after the original paper appeared. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled that such programs at Harvard and UNC violated the Equal Protection Clause. [1][4][8]
▶ Supporting Quotes (8)
“Jackson sought to show that race-based admissions are a matter of life and death for racial minorities, and her dissenting opinion in the Supreme Court's ruling on Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard cited an example.”— Justice Ketanji Jackson's faulty claim in affirmative action case takes another hit as lawyers 'clarify' brief
“we’re working to increase the diversity of the donor registry through our recruitment efforts. By doing so, we expand access to a cure for more individuals.”— Why Ethnicity Matters for Bone Marrow Transplants | NMDP
“Mr. Jackson... created new institutions to give voice to individual neighborhoods... also instituted affirmative action that led to Morgan getting a job on a gas company crew.”— In Atlanta, some black voters weigh backing city's first white woman mayor
“In 2023, drawing from an amicus brief filed by the Association of American Medical Colleges, Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson cited the finding in her dissent in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, which addressed the legality of racial preferences in higher education.”— Do Black Newborns Fare Better with Black Doctors? The Limits of Measuring Racial Concordance
“When the 40-member full admissions committee begins its deliberations, it discusses the relative breakdown of applicants by race. The goal of the process, according to Harvard’s director of admissions, is ensuring there is no “dramatic drop-off” in minority admissions from the prior class. ... Applicants that Harvard considers cutting at this stage are placed on the “lop list,” which contains only four pieces of information: legacy status, recruited athlete status, financial aid eligibility, and race.”— Syllabus, Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
“Readers are required to consider the applicant’s race as a factor in their review. Readers then make a written recommendation on each assigned application, and they may provide an applicant a substantial “plus” depending on the applicant’s race. At this stage, most recommendations are provisionally final. A committee of experienced staff members then conducts a “school group review” of every initial decision made by a reader and either approves or rejects the recommendation. In making those decisions, the committee may consider the applicant’s race.”— Syllabus, Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
“called the findings “an important call to continue the diversification of the medical workforce.””— Are Black Newborns More Likely To Survive With Black Doctors?
“has clear implications for medical school admissions, hospital practices, and Black expectant parents.”— Physician–patient racial concordance and newborn mortality
Harm Caused
The assumption diverted attention from very low birth weight and prematurity, the dominant drivers of neonatal mortality for all races. Black infants remain more than twice as likely as White infants to be born under 1,500 grams, yet policy discussion shifted toward staffing hospitals with racially matched doctors rather than addressing the underlying incidence of low birth weight. Hospitals and patients may have altered choices based on the claim, though precise numbers are elusive. [6][8]
Reliance on the overstated statistic in Supreme Court arguments lent credibility to race-conscious admissions at a moment when those policies faced strict scrutiny. The brief's error required a public correction, yet the original citation had already entered the legal and public record. Critics argued this distorted both the affirmative-action debate and the search for genuine improvements in Black infant health. [1]
Public trust in medical care suffered when headlines warned that White doctors endangered Black babies. The Nature article and similar coverage framed bias as a direct threat to newborn survival. Once the statistical confound became clear, the episode left an impression that dramatic claims had been advanced on shaky evidence. [7]
▶ Supporting Quotes (9)
“"A moment's thought should be enough to realize that this claim is wildly implausible," wrote Frank... "So, we have a Supreme Court justice parroting a mathematically absurd claim coming from an interested party's mischaracterization of a flawed study."”— Justice Ketanji Jackson's faulty claim in affirmative action case takes another hit as lawyers 'clarify' brief
“To support our vision of creating a world where every patient can receive their life-saving cell therapy, we’re working to increase the diversity of the donor registry through our recruitment efforts.”— Why Ethnicity Matters for Bone Marrow Transplants | NMDP
“the stubborn lack of opportunity and advancement for the city’s poorer and more vulnerable neighborhoods, such as Vine City and Mechanicsville. A corruption probe at City Hall”— In Atlanta, some black voters weigh backing city's first white woman mayor
“The article created a stir—unsurprising, given the importance of the topic and the findings’ ramifications—for patients’ choices, for hospitals’ practices, and for the debate over affirmative action.”— Do Black Newborns Fare Better with Black Doctors? The Limits of Measuring Racial Concordance
“In the Harvard admissions process, “race is a determinative tip for” a significant percentage “of all admitted African American and Hispanic applicants.””— Syllabus, Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
“Most important of all, though, we hope our results draw more attention to the problems of low birth weight and prematurity. These are major drivers of mortality for babies of all races, and they also explain much of the racial gap in mortality.”— Are Black Newborns More Likely To Survive With Black Doctors?
“That year, black infants were more than 2.5 times as likely as white infants to be born with a very low weight.”— Are Black Newborns More Likely To Survive With Black Doctors?
“Medical bias poses a deadly threat for Black babies”— Medical bias poses a deadly threat for Black babies
“Our results raise questions about the role played by physician–patient racial matching in determining Black neonatal mortality and suggest that the key to narrowing the Black–White gap may continue to lie in reducing the incidence of such low birth weights among Black newborns.”— Physician–patient racial concordance and newborn mortality
Downfall
Lawyers for the Association of American Medical Colleges sent a clarification letter after the Supreme Court arguments, admitting that the amicus brief had mischaracterized the 2020 study's results. A Wall Street Journal op-ed by Ted Frank and commentary by Jonathan Turley highlighted the mathematical error and the lack of scrutiny given to amicus data. These corrections arrived after Justice Jackson had already cited the claim in her dissent. [1]
Borjas and VerBruggen reanalyzed the identical Florida dataset, adding direct controls for very low birth weight categories that the original paper had omitted. When those variables were included, the racial concordance effect lost statistical significance even in the fullest model specifications. PNAS published their paper on September 16, 2024, placing the journal's own imprint on both the original finding and its refutation. [4][6][8]
A replication exercise first reproduced the original results using only the top sixty-five comorbidities. Adding successive indicators for very low birth weight caused the concordance coefficient to drop toward zero and become insignificant. The pattern held across hospital and physician fixed effects. Growing evidence suggests the assumption was flawed, although not every expert has accepted the reanalysis as definitive. [8]
▶ Supporting Quotes (9)
“The letter to the Supreme Court added that a "more precise" summary of the 2020 study's findings would have been to say that "having a Black physician reduces by more than half the likelihood of death for Black newborns as compared to White newborns."”— Justice Ketanji Jackson's faulty claim in affirmative action case takes another hit as lawyers 'clarify' brief
“A person’s ethnic background plays a significant role in their ability to donate peripheral blood stem cells or bone marrow.”— Why Ethnicity Matters for Bone Marrow Transplants | NMDP
““Many African-Americans are long past the idea of Atlanta as a black municipal empowerment city par excellence,” says Professor Owens.”— In Atlanta, some black voters weigh backing city's first white woman mayor
“Controlling for very low birth weight—i.e., comparing newborns within the same weight class—eliminates the racial concordance result in the most detailed statistical models. ... PNAS published our academic paper outlining these results on September 16, 2024.”— Do Black Newborns Fare Better with Black Doctors? The Limits of Measuring Racial Concordance
“Held: Harvard’s and UNC’s admissions programs violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.”— Syllabus, Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
“When we estimated statistical models similar to those in the original paper, but controlling for very low birth weight rather than focusing on the health diagnoses that happen to be most common, these models fit the data better, and the apparent benefit to the racial concordance of black doctors with black babies falls dramatically—becoming statistically insignificant”— Are Black Newborns More Likely To Survive With Black Doctors?
“the estimated racial concordance effect is substantially weakened, and often becomes statistically insignificant, after controlling for the impact of very low birth weights on mortality.”— Physician–patient racial concordance and newborn mortality
“Our construction of the list of Top 65 comorbidities closely reproduces the original list; ... The Top 65 list does not contain any diagnoses indicating birth weights below 1,500 g.”— Physician–patient racial concordance and newborn mortality
“the estimated racial concordance effect is substantially weakened, and often becomes statistically insignificant, after controlling for the impact of very low birth weights on mortality”— Study on physicians' race affecting Black babies' health challenged
Sources
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